Basic Roman Numerals and Numbers

The Romans were fairly active in trade and commerce, and from the time of learning to write they needed a way to indicate numbers. The system they developed lasted many centuries, and still sees some specialized use today.

Roman numerals traditionally indicate the order of rulers or ships who share the same name (i.e. Queen Elizabeth II). They are also sometimes still used in the publishing industry for copyright dates, and on cornerstones and gravestones when the owner of a building or the family of the deceased wishes to create an impression of classical dignity. The Roman numbering system also lives on in our languages, which still use Latin word roots to express numerical ideas. A few examples: unilateral, duo, quadricep, septuagenarian, decade, milliliter.

The big differences between Roman and Arabic numerals (the ones we use today) are that Romans didn’t have a symbol for zero, and that numeral placement within a number can sometimes indicate subtraction rather than addition.

Here are the basics:

I
The easiest way to note down a number is to make that many marks – little I’s. Thus I means 1, II means 2, III means 3. However, four strokes seemed like too many.

V
So the Romans moved on to the symbol for 5 – V. Placing I in front of the V — or placing any smaller number in front of any larger number — indicates subtraction. So IV means 4. After V comes a series of additions – VI means 6, VII means 7, VIII means 8.

X
X means 10. But wait — what about 9? Same deal. IX means to subtract I from X, leaving 9. Numbers in the teens, twenties and thirties follow the same form as the first set, only with X’s indicating the number of tens. So XXXI is 31, and XXIV is 24.

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Crack or Recover Read-only Password Protected Word Document

From time to time someone sends me read-only password protected Microsoft Word (doc-files) documents. Getting word files is in it self is bothersome, but that’s the way the world of IT is today, but hopefully more and more home and business users discover the OpenOffice productivity suite in the future. But getting read-only password protected word files is just incredibly annoying – first of all it tells you that the person that just sent you the document doesn’t have a clue on security matters, since protection techniques of that type is of no real use. They are simply too easy to crack, but again – why at all protect a document…

Howto crack and get rid of the “protection” / “Recover” the document ;)
If you are using Microsoft Office XP or Microsoft Office 2003, you can change the view to HTML-Code using Microsoft Script Editor by pressing the Alt+Shift+F11 keys.

When the document is opened in the Microsoft Script Editor then search for “Password” and you will find something similar to this:
Forms
ReadOnly
FED5E3B6

To remove the document’s form protection:
– remove the line containing Forms and then save the document using Ctrl+s, the form protection should then be gone.

To remove the document’s read-only protection:
– remove the line containing ReadOnly and then save the document using Ctrl+s, the read-only protection should then be gone.

To remove the password:
– remove the line containing the password and then save the document using Ctrl+s.

This blog entry describes this and other techniques to recover password protected office documents and so does this page.

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